{"id":6252,"date":"2020-09-23T16:20:44","date_gmt":"2020-09-23T14:20:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.sicer.it\/?p=315"},"modified":"2026-06-12T15:05:05","modified_gmt":"2026-06-12T13:05:05","slug":"ceramic-glazes-chemical-component","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sicer.it\/en\/ceramic-glazes-chemical-component\/","title":{"rendered":"Ceramic glazes: the chemical component!"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Ceramic glaze<\/strong> or <strong>glaze for ceramic<\/strong> is a fusible inorganic coating that is fixed on the ceramic at high temperature (from 800 to 1250 \u00b0). It is a glass-based substance and it can be of any type of color.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The composition of ceramic glazes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The basic component of any vitreous substance is\n<strong>silica<\/strong> (the vitrifying agent).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It melts at about 1705 \u00b0 C, a temperature that\nis too high for a normal ceramic mixture; to lower the melting point it is\ntherefore necessary to use a <strong>melting\nsubstance<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The silica in combination with the melting\nsubstance alone, reaching the melting temperature, however, becomes too fluid\nand not very viscous, and it cannot adhere correctly to the ceramic body. To\novercome this problem, a third refractory component is therefore needed: the <strong>alumina<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This element is able to stabilize the silica in\nthe molten state, increasing strength and viscosity, and allowing the glaze to\nremain bonded to the ceramic surface.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A ceramic glaze is therefore composed of three\nbasic elements:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>the vitrifying agent<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the melting substance<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the stabilizer<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The vitrifying agents<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The main <strong>vitrifying\nagent<\/strong> is <strong>silicon<\/strong> (silicon oxide\nSiO2), easily available both pure (quartz) and impure (sands), and in\ncombination with other elements (clays, feldspar, wollastonite, etc\u2026).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The melting substances<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>melting\nsubstances<\/strong> are many and of different nature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>They can be lead-based, boracic (example:\nfrits), alkaline (sodium and potassium) or alkaline earth (example: calcium\ncarbonate).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Among the most common (those used at stoneware\ntemperatures) we find <strong>alkaline melts<\/strong>\nor compounds containing sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, lithium and\nbarium.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Even the <strong>feldspars<\/strong>,\nsodium or potassium, act as melting substances for glazes that fire at medium\nand high temperatures due to the alkaline component.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The stabilizers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Among the <strong>stabilizers<\/strong>\n<strong>or<\/strong> <strong>refractories<\/strong> the main one is alumina, or aluminum oxide (Al2O3),\nwhich is present in a more or less high percentage in all clays.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The history of ceramic glazes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ceramic glazes were already known and used more\nthan 10.000 years ago by the civilizations of Mesopotamia and by the ancient\nEgyptians.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>They weren&#8217;t actual glazes as we know them\ntoday. These peoples mainly used \u201cglazing\u201d techniques: they reproduced ceramic\nobjects with glassy components to make the surface shiny and waterproof.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The maximum splendor and evolution of glazes can\nbe identified with the Islamic civilization starting from the 8th century A.D..\nThe striking example is the mosques whose surface is covered with glazed tiles,\nsuch as the Shah Mosque in Iran (1600).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Through the Spanish Arabs these techniques were\nthen &#8220;imported&#8221; to Europe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the late medieval and Renaissance period,\nglazes &#8220;took hold&#8221; in Italy too in some places such as the cities of\nFaenza and Deruta. In particular, Italy developed and became famous in the art\nof majolica (which can be identified as a technique for using glazes).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During the 16th century it was above all the\nFlorentine manufacture, linked to the Medici, to produce glazes; the objects\npreserved in the Silver Museum in Florence are a concrete witness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Even in painting the practice on glaze is\npreferred to glaze painting. In the 17th century, using glaze became a very\nwidespread technique throughout Europe, both for cult and personal objects or\nfor the home.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the 18th century, glaze became an important\nelement for the decoration of small objects, increasingly precious and sought\nafter: watches, bracelets, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Over the years it is then used with techniques\nincreasingly similar to those we know today; we no longer speak only of glazes\nfor decoration, but also <strong>glazes for\nindustrial use<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Industrial glazes and glazes for decoration<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>There is no exact chemical formula for making\nglazes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are many variations to consider that can\nmake a glaze more or less performing or more or less suitable for certain\nfunctions and objectives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Today there are special software that help\ncalculate the formulas so that the glaze has the right balance of all the\ncomponents. This work is closely linked to the chemical sector and it is the\nresult of extensive research and experimentation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sicer, through its Technology Lab, carries out\nconstant research and development, including on ceramic glazes and their\ncomponents. This work allows the Fiorano-based company to create new products\nwith a high technical potential.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Within its product range, Sicer has studied\ndifferent types of <strong>glazes for industrial\nceramics<\/strong>, dedicated to both floors and walls, as well as a well-equipped\ncatalog of products dedicated to artistic\/decorative ceramics for any type of\nceramic support<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The formulation of industrial glazes, let&#8217;s discover something more about it<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>industrial\nglazes<\/strong> category can be divided into 3 main specific families for:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>floor<br>tiles<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>slabs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>shingles<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Each of this category has its own peculiarities\nand in particular, as regards the family of <strong>glazes for tiles<\/strong>, the formulation starts from the ceramic coating.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>ceramic\ncoating<\/strong> can be defined as a \u201cmultilayer\u201d assembly designed for the specific\nand personalized request of the customer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Each project, as well as the consequent choice\nof the glaze to be made and used, involves the technological choice in use by\nthe customer&#8217;s production plant and the \u201ctailored\u201d development of the proposal\nfor the most suitable \u201cmultilayer package\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>All the products involved are \u201ctaylor made\u201d and\nabove all is the ceramic support that manages its development based on its\nchemical-physical-mechanical characteristics and relative firing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Our &#8220;multilayer&#8221; consists of:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>engobe<\/strong> or <strong>glaze<\/strong> (more vitrified version) which hides the color of the support and prepares the substrate for subsequent applications<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>glaze both opaque and transparent, glossy or matt<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>digital decoration for the graphic effect<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>transparent protective glaze (glossy or matt)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Specifically, the <strong>final covering glaze<\/strong> is not a standard product, but also in this\ncase there are different formulas studied by the Technology Lab that meet\ndifferent final needs such as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a) protection and anti-slip (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sicer.it\/en\/anti-slip-ceramic-glazes-silky-rock\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">GLR anti-slip glazes<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>b) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sicer.it\/en\/ceramic-glazes-ssm\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">protection and material effect<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>c) p<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sicer.it\/en\/ceramic-glazes-ssm\/\">rotection and surface that can be lapped<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Regardless of these specific characteristics,\nall <strong>Sicer glazes<\/strong> series must\nguarantee:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>absence of defects,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>excellent cleanability,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>wear resistance (depending on the place of installation)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>high aesthetic effect<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Each component of our &#8220;multilayer&#8221;,\ntherefore each glaze chosen and used, must be harmonized with the substrate in\nquestion based on:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>thermo-dilatometric properties<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>emissions generated during firing<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>type of surface required at the oven outlet<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>chromatic development of digital decoration<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Non-polluting industrial ceramic glazes: the concrete answer of Sicer<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The aspects that must be studied and analyzed\nfor the production of <strong>ceramic glazes<\/strong>\nare many and very complex as they are influenced by different and changing\nparameters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The team of chemical engineers of the Technology\nlab daily studies solutions to obtain the best result, without omitting the\neconomic aspect of the formulation (today essential for the end customer) and\nthe environmental protection (essential for Sicer).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>All <strong>ceramic\nglazes<\/strong> developed and sold by Sicer are lead-free and made by selecting raw\nmaterials that are not harmful to the environment, an aspect that has always\nbeen central to the company that directs its research and development towards\nenvironmentally friendly solutions and products.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sicer&#8217;s commitment to environmental protection is in fact a constant, an example is the famous patented series of digital inks and glues &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sicer.it\/en\/low-emission-digital-inks-le\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">LOW EMISSION<\/a>&#8221; formulated with the ambitious <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sicer.it\/en\/patented-low-emission\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">goal of contrasting and reducing the problem of harmful emissions<\/a> into the atmosphere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"sezione-custom-faq\" bis_skin_checked=\"1\">\n\t<section class=\"faq-section\">\n        <h2>Frequently asked questions<\/h2>                    \n\t\t<div class=\"faq-item\" style=\"border: none;\" bis_skin_checked=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<button class=\"faq-question\">What are the main components of ceramic glazes?<span class=\"faq-icon\">+<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t<p class=\"faq-answer\">Ceramic glazes are mainly composed of frits, pigments, and additives. The frits are finely ground glass that form the basis of the glaze, while the pigments give the desired colour. Additives are used to improve the application and final properties of the coating.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n                                \n\t\t<div class=\"faq-item\" style=\"border: none;\" bis_skin_checked=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<button class=\"faq-question\">What is the difference between matt and shiny glazes?<span class=\"faq-icon\">+<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t<p class=\"faq-answer\">Matt glazes contain components that reduce the reflectivity of the surface, such as metal oxides or matting particles. Shiny glazes, on the other hand, are formulated to achieve a bright, reflective finish, ideal for surfaces that require a glossy appearance.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n                                \n\t\t<div class=\"faq-item\" style=\"border: none;\" bis_skin_checked=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<button class=\"faq-question\">How are ceramic glazes applied to tiles?<span class=\"faq-icon\">+<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t<p class=\"faq-answer\">Ceramic glazes can be applied through different techniques, such as screen printing, airless or digital decoration. The choice of method depends on the characteristics of the glaze and the desired effect on the ceramic surface.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"faq-item\" style=\"border: none;\" bis_skin_checked=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<button class=\"faq-question\">How does the chemical composition of glazes affect their aesthetic result?<span class=\"faq-icon\">+<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t<p class=\"faq-answer\">The chemical composition of the glaze directly influences the final aesthetic result, determining transparency, opacity, and colour development. For example, the presence of metallic oxides can influence the colour and brightness, while the use of specific frits determines the quality of the surface and its resistance to external agents.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n                                \n\t<\/section>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ceramic glaze or glaze for ceramic is a fusible inorganic coating that is fixed on the ceramic at high temperature (from 800 to 1250 \u00b0). It is a glass-based substance and it can be of any type of color. The composition of ceramic glazes The basic component of any vitreous substance is silica (the vitrifying [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":4447,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_angie_page":false,"page_builder":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[218,219],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6252","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-prodotti","category-products"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Ceramic glazes: the chemical component | Sicer<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Ceramic glaze or glaze for ceramic is a fusible inorganic coating that is fixed on the ceramic at high temperature.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" 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