{"id":6365,"date":"2025-07-09T14:33:55","date_gmt":"2025-07-09T12:33:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.sicer.it\/?p=4327"},"modified":"2026-06-30T17:07:01","modified_gmt":"2026-06-30T15:07:01","slug":"ceramic-resistance-how-it-works-key-parameter","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sicer.it\/en\/ceramic-resistance-how-it-works-key-parameter\/","title":{"rendered":"Ceramic resistance: how it works and why it is a key parameter in the choice of materials"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Index<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a href=\"#intro\">Introduction<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#general\">General principles of ceramic strength<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#mechanical\">Mechanical strength: standard tests and influencing factors<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#wear\">Wear and abrasion resistance: PEI classification<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#thermal\">Thermal resistance and thermal shock: behaviour under thermal cycles<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#chemical\">Chemical resistance: tests and exposure conditions<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#role\">The role of vitrifying materials in resistance<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#quality\">Quality control and parameter optimisation<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#technological\">Technological innovations to improve resistance<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#industrial\">Industrial applications and choice of materials<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#conclusion\">Conclusion<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#faq\">FAQ<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"intro\">Introduction<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The main types of resistance relevant in the industrial sector include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Mechanical resistance<\/strong>, i.e. the ability to withstand bending, compression and impact without fracturing. Essential for floors and surfaces subject to loads.<\/li><li><strong>Abrasion and wear resistance<\/strong>, particularly important in high-traffic commercial and industrial environments, where durability over time is required.<\/li><li><strong>Thermal and thermal shock resistance<\/strong>, essential for surfaces exposed to hot-cold cycles or high temperatures, such as outdoors or in production environments.<\/li><li><strong>Chemical resistance<\/strong>, necessary in environments subject to contact with acids, bases, detergents and solvents, such as in the food, healthcare or chemical industries.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>These aspects determine the <strong>functionality and durability<\/strong> of ceramic materials and guide the choice of the most suitable products according to the <strong>conditions of use<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"general\">General principles of ceramic resistance<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The strength of a ceramic material is largely determined by its internal structure and the chemical and physical interactions between its components. The following characteristics are key to understanding its behaviour in industrial applications:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Crystal structure and atomic bonds<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ceramic materials consist of a <strong>combination of crystalline and vitreous phases<\/strong>. Crystalline phases have <strong>regular crystal structures<\/strong>, in which atoms are bonded together by <strong>ionic or covalent bonds<\/strong>, both characterised by high bond energy. This configuration confers rigidity and stability but limits plastic deformability, making ceramics more susceptible to fracture when subjected to high and concentrated stresses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Fundamental mechanisms of resistance<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>At the molecular level, resistance depends on the <strong>continuity of the crystal lattice<\/strong> and the absence of structural defects that could act as fracture initiation points. The mechanisms of cohesion between grains, the adhesion between phases and the homogeneous distribution of particles contribute significantly to mechanical and thermal performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Influence of porosity and microstructure<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Excessive or poorly distributed <strong>residual porosity<\/strong> reduces the strength of the material. In industrial ceramic processes, the presence of open or closed pores is minimised by adjusting the firing parameters, grain size and pressing. The <strong>microstructure<\/strong> resulting from an optimised process has uniform grains and well-integrated phases, promoting mechanical strength and abrasion resistance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Theory of microfracture propagation<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ceramics, being fragile materials, are subject to <strong>brittle<\/strong> breakage, i.e. without prior plastic deformation. <strong>Microfractures<\/strong> are triggered by structural defects and propagate rapidly under critical loads. Standard tests (e.g. ISO 10545-4) assess flexural strength precisely in relation to this vulnerability. The quality of sintering and the homogeneity of the ceramic mass are fundamental elements in limiting the propagation of fractures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"mechanical\">Mechanical resistance: bending, compression, impact<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Mechanical strength<\/strong> is a fundamental parameter for assessing the suitability of ceramic materials in applications subject to static and dynamic loads. International standards, such as <strong>ISO 10545-4<\/strong>, define methods for measuring flexural and compressive strength in the laboratory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Bending strength analysis<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Flexural strength<\/strong> (also known as breaking modulus) measures the ability of a material to resist a force distributed over a surface. It is assessed by applying a load to a tile supported at two points until it breaks. The resulting values vary depending on:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>size and thickness of the sample<\/li><li>regularity and densification of the microstructure<\/li><li>presence of internal microcracks<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Greater <strong>uniformity of the ceramic body<\/strong> and well-controlled firing contribute to increased flexural strength.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Compressive strength: mechanisms and values<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ceramic materials tolerate compressive loads very well thanks to the rigid nature of their crystal lattice. Compressive strength is measured by applying increasing vertical loads to test specimens of controlled dimensions. Here too, the value depends on the density of the material and the absence of porosity or inclusions. This test is less common than the flexural test, but is important in structural applications or for vertical applications (e.g. load-bearing cladding).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Impact resistance and toughness of ceramic materials<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Impact resistance<\/strong> is lower in ceramic materials than in other structural materials due to their low <strong>toughness<\/strong>. Toughness describes the ability to absorb energy without fracturing. To verify this, tests such as <strong>mass drop on ceramic specimens<\/strong> or instruments dedicated to measuring fracture propagation are used. In general, ceramics with a homogeneous structure and consistent thicknesses are more resistant to small, localised impacts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Reference standard tests<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The main standard tests for evaluating mechanical properties include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>ISO 10545-4<\/strong>: Determination of flexural strength and fracture toughness<\/li><li><strong>ASTM C1161<\/strong>: Method for flexing rectangular ceramic specimens (mainly applied to technical ceramics)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>These tests are standardised to ensure the comparability of results between different materials, manufacturers and test conditions. Test documentation is often required in the technical data sheets of products intended for high-stress environments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"resistance\">Resistance to wear and abrasion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Wear resistance<\/strong> is one of the most important properties of ceramic materials intended for use in flooring and high-traffic surfaces. Wear can be caused by mechanical friction, rubbing, the presence of abrasive debris or the movement of loads. The behaviour of the material in these contexts is decisive for its durability over time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Surface wear mechanisms in ceramic materials<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In ceramic materials, wear occurs through the <strong>gradual removal<\/strong> of the glaze or the outer surface of the substrate. Constant mechanical action from shoes, wheels, sand and other abrasive agents can cause micro-grooves, loss of shine or, in the most serious cases, material removal and colour alteration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Usury can be divided into:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>surface abrasion<\/strong> (gloss, finish)<\/li><li><strong>deep abrasion<\/strong> (structure, colour, enamel)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Factors affecting abrasion resistance<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Several factors contribute to determining the degree of resistance of a ceramic material to wear:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Type of glaze or finish<\/strong>: High-hardness vitrified glazes guarantee greater resistance.<\/li><li><strong>Density and porosity of the substrate<\/strong>: A porous substrate tends to yield more quickly under abrasive stress.<\/li><li><strong>Thickness of the surface layer<\/strong>: The greater the useful thickness, the more resistant the material is to erosion.<\/li><li><strong>Grain size of abrasive agents<\/strong>: Fine sands can be more insidious than coarser ones.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>PEI classification and test methods for wear<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The standard method for determining wear resistance is <strong>ISO 10545-7<\/strong>, which defines the PEI (Porcelain Enamel Institute) classification. This method involves exposing the ceramic sample to standardised abrasion cycles with specific abrasive agents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The PEI scale is structured as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>PEI class<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Recommended use<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>PEI 1<\/td><td>Bathrooms and bedrooms (light traffic)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>PEI 2<\/td><td>Residential areas excluding kitchens and hallways<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>PEI 3<\/td><td>Residential areas for moderate use<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>PEI 4<\/td><td>Residential and commercial environments with medium traffic<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>PEI 5<\/td><td>Intense public, industrial and commercial environments<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The test measures the variation in surface appearance and loss of material as a function of cycles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Role of enamels and surface treatments in wear resistance<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large is-resized\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sicer.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/graniglie-e-micrograniglie-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Graniglie\" class=\"wp-image-4267\" width=\"279\" height=\"279\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>choice of glaze<\/strong> and vitrifying materials directly affects the <strong>abrasion resistance<\/strong> of ceramic surfaces. Glazes with a vitrified composition and high hardness help improve surface resistance. Depending on the application requirements, different surface technologies based on technical grits can be used.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sicer offers a <strong>wide range of high-resistance grits<\/strong> designed to improve surface performance. These include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (apre in una nuova scheda)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sicerceramicsurfaces.com\/product\/next-surfaces\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">NEXT EXPERIENCE SURFACES<\/span><\/strong><\/a> line, made with micro-grains of calibrated size, allows for <strong>opaque, anti-reflective, chemical-resistant and easy-to-clean<\/strong> surfaces.<\/li><li>the<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (apre in una nuova scheda)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sicerceramicsurfaces.com\/product\/grits-and-microgrits\/\" target=\"_blank\"> <strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">GHR \u2013 High Resistance Grits<\/span><\/strong><\/a> series, designed for floors subject to intense stress, allows for the creation of <strong>naturally textured, non-slip, abrasion-resistant surfaces with excellent graphic performance even in dark shades<\/strong>;<\/li><li>the <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (apre in una nuova scheda)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sicerceramicsurfaces.com\/product\/grits-and-microgrits\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">GRA \u2013 Dry Lux<\/span><\/strong><\/a> line, specifically for dry application and mirror lapping, allows for the creation of <strong>extremely bright and compact<\/strong> surfaces with <strong>high chemical resistance, cleanability and flatness<\/strong>, thanks to an optimised selection of frit and calibrated grain size.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>All these solutions integrate Sicer&#8217;s expertise in the design of surface materials that <strong>combine aesthetics and technical performance<\/strong>, adapting to different production cycles and intended uses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignleft size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sicer.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Graniglie-GHR.jpg\" alt=\"GHR grits\" class=\"wp-image-4260\"\/><figcaption>GHR grits<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sicer.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Graniglie-GRA.jpg\" alt=\"GRA grits\" class=\"wp-image-4263\"\/><figcaption>GRA grits<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"thermal\">Thermal resistance and thermal shock<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Due to their inorganic and non-metallic nature, ceramic materials have good <strong>thermal stability<\/strong>, making them suitable for applications in environments subject to significant temperature variations. However, their behaviour under thermal stress depends on various microstructural factors and must be assessed through specific tests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Behaviour of ceramic materials under temperature variations<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ceramics respond to thermal variations with <strong>volumetric expansion and contraction<\/strong>, which can generate internal stresses, especially in the presence of heterogeneous phases or structural discontinuities. If the stresses exceed the elasticity threshold of the material, <strong>microcracks<\/strong> or delamination between the glaze and the substrate may occur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Thermal expansion coefficient and its implications<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>linear thermal expansion coefficient (\u03b1)<\/strong> measures the dimensional variation of the material as a function of temperature. Poor compatibility between the coefficient of the substrate and that of the glaze can generate <strong>differential stresses<\/strong> during firing or in the stages of use, compromising the mechanical strength and aesthetic integrity of the product.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The optimisation of ceramic compositions therefore requires a <strong>balanced choice<\/strong> of raw materials and vitrification agents to reduce the differences between the phases involved.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Resistance to frost and thermal cycles<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Frost resistance<\/strong> is a fundamental requirement for ceramic materials intended for outdoor use. The tests required by UNI and ISO standards (such as <strong>ISO 10545-12<\/strong>) involve <strong>freezing and thawing cycles<\/strong> in the presence of water to simulate real exposure conditions. Any residual porosity, if open and capillary, can absorb water and cause internal breakage due to expansion during freezing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The quality of the pressing and the absence of microcavities are essential to ensure <strong>good frost resistance<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Thermal shock: causes, mechanisms and prevention<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Thermal shock<\/strong> is caused by rapid and significant changes in temperature (e.g. from +150\u00b0C to room temperature), which can cause <strong>sudden fractures<\/strong> in materials with low thermal conductivity or high rigidity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>ISO 10545-9<\/strong> standard defines the test criteria for thermal shock in glazed tiles, subjecting samples to alternating immersion in cold and hot water. A product is considered compliant if, at the end of the cycle, it shows no obvious signs of deterioration (cracks, detachment, variation in gloss or colour).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>optimal design of the firing cycle<\/strong>, the use of <strong>raw materials with high thermal stability<\/strong> and the absence of residual porosity are key factors in preventing damage from thermal shock.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"chemical\">Chemical and aggressive agent resistance<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Chemical resistance<\/strong> is a fundamental property for ceramic materials intended for industrial environments, healthcare facilities, laboratories, professional kitchens or outdoor areas exposed to contaminants. It indicates the ability of the ceramic surface to maintain its characteristics when in contact with <strong>potentially corrosive<\/strong> or altering chemical agents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Chemical attack mechanisms on ceramic materials<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Chemical attack can occur through <strong>selective solubilisation of the glass components<\/strong>, colour alteration, opacification, stain formation or surface changes. The most susceptible materials are those with an unstable glass phase or accessible residual porosity, which facilitates the penetration of reactive liquids.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The action can be:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>superficial<\/strong>, with loss of shine or colour variations<\/li><li><strong>structural<\/strong>, in severe cases, with weakening of the glazed surface<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Resistance to acids, bases and organic solvents<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Properly vitrified glazed ceramic surfaces generally have good resistance to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>organic acids<\/strong> (e.g. citric acid, lactic acid)<\/li><li><strong>diluted inorganic acids<\/strong> (e.g. hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid)<\/li><li><strong>alkaline bases<\/strong> (e.g. caustic soda, ammonia)<\/li><li><strong>organic solvents<\/strong> (e.g. alcohol, professional detergents)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>However, performance depends on the <strong>composition of the enamel<\/strong>, the firing level and the finish. A porous or not completely sintered surface may be more susceptible to chemical attack.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Behaviour in the presence of salts and atmospheric agents<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Exposure to <strong>de-icing salts<\/strong> (such as sodium chloride or calcium chloride), <strong>acid rain<\/strong>, <strong>humidity<\/strong> and <strong>atmospheric agents<\/strong> can alter the appearance and functionality of surfaces that are not adequately protected over time. In outdoor environments, it is therefore essential to use <strong>waterproof<\/strong> products with <strong>complete vitrification<\/strong> and minimal water absorption.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The installation conditions (joints, seals, slope) also affect the material&#8217;s ability to withstand severe environmental conditions over time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Chemical resistance testing according to international standards<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The performance of ceramic materials against chemical agents is regulated by international standards:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>ISO 10545-13<\/strong>: tests the resistance of glazed tiles to chemical attack by acids and bases, classified according to the type of visible or detectable alteration<\/li><li><strong>ISO 10545-14<\/strong>: assesses stain resistance, which is particularly important for surfaces used in healthcare, domestic or commercial environments<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The samples are subjected to prolonged exposure to aggressive substances, and the result is classified according to the effect produced (no change, opacification, colour change, etc.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"role\">The role of vitrifying materials in resistance<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ceramic glazes<\/strong> and <strong>vitrifying materials<\/strong> play a fundamental role in determining the <strong>surface performance<\/strong> of the finished product, directly affecting its mechanical, chemical and wear resistance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>How enamels and vitrifying materials influence resistance properties<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The glaze is the outer layer of the ceramic material and can be formulated to offer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>greater <strong>resistance to abrasion<\/strong> (thanks to the presence of hard, stable glass phases)<\/li><li>protection against <strong>chemical agents<\/strong> and stains<\/li><li>resistance to <strong>thermal shock<\/strong> and environmental changes<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Furthermore, uniform application of the enamel and good thermal expansion compatibility with the substrate prevent detachment or micro-cracks over time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sicer.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/applicazione-graniglia-GHR-2.jpg\" alt=\"GHR grit\" class=\"wp-image-4404\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Specific formulations to increase surface resistance<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>High-performance vitrifying materials are developed through carefully calibrated combinations of frits, grits, pigments and additives, with the aim of improving:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>the <strong>compactness of the surface layer<\/strong><\/li><li>the <strong>resistance to scratches and wear<\/strong><\/li><li>the <strong>resistance to chemical corrosion<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Innovative technologies for improved performance<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The evolution of ceramic technologies has led to the development of vitrifying materials:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Ready to use<\/strong>, for quick and controlled application<\/li><li>With <strong>integrated functional additives<\/strong> to increase resistance and adhesion<\/li><li>Suitable for <strong>optimised firing cycles<\/strong> for surface stability<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>These solutions are designed to reduce aesthetic defects and ensure high performance even in demanding environments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Balance between aesthetics and technical properties in enamels<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>One of the main challenges in designing ceramic glazes is achieving an effective balance between <strong>technical performance<\/strong> (wear resistance, ease of cleaning, thermal compatibility) and <strong>aesthetic quality<\/strong> (brightness, depth, uniformity). High-hardness glazes must still:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>maintain <strong>the desired gloss or matt finish<\/strong><\/li><li>guarantee <strong>excellent colour rendering<\/strong>, even on complex graphics<\/li><li>ensure <strong>surface uniformity and stability<\/strong> on large formats<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Sicer faces this challenge with continuous research into <strong>raw materials, pigments, frits and additives<\/strong>, developed to be perfectly integrated into the most advanced production cycles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sicer.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/2025\/07\/Graniglie-GRA-1.jpg\" alt=\"Grey GRA grits\" class=\"wp-image-4416\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>A concrete example is the <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (apre in una nuova scheda)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sicerceramicsurfaces.com\/product\/grits-and-microgrits\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">GRA \u2013 Dry Lux<\/span><\/strong><\/a> series, designed for dry application with subsequent mirror lapping. These transparent and compact grits allow for <strong>highly brilliant surfaces<\/strong> with <strong>total glass-like transparency, scratch resistance, excellent cleanability<\/strong> and a <strong>controlled thermal expansion coefficient<\/strong>. Their minimally porous structure and optimised optical response enhance digital colours, ensuring excellent aesthetic results on all formats. Sicer thus confirms its position as a technological partner for ceramic companies seeking <strong>high-performance coating materials<\/strong> that meet increasingly sophisticated <strong>functional requirements<\/strong> and <strong>aesthetic expectations<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"quality\">Quality control and strength optimisation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The performance of ceramic materials depends largely on the control of the process stages. An effective <strong>quality control<\/strong> system allows the consistency of mechanical, chemical and surface properties to be verified and any deviations that could compromise the final strength of the product to be corrected.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Methods for checking resistance properties in production<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ceramic companies adopt protocols for <strong>sampling and periodic testing<\/strong> on production batches, with tests carried out in accordance with international standards (e.g. ISO 10545). The properties monitored include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>flexural strength (ISO 10545-4)<\/li><li>abrasion resistance (ISO 10545-7)<\/li><li>thermal shock (ISO 10545-9)<\/li><li>chemical resistance and staining (ISO 10545-13, -14)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The results are compared with the expected technical specifications and can be recorded in <strong>statistical process control<\/strong> (SPC) systems to ensure traceability and efficiency.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Process parameters affecting final strength<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The main variables that influence the mechanical and surface performance of the material include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>temperature and baking curve<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>time spent at peak<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>degree of pressing and compaction of the dough<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>residual moisture in the raw pieces<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>grain size distribution<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Even small variations in these parameters can alter the <strong>residual porosity<\/strong>, sintering and internal cohesion of the ceramic structure, negatively affecting strength.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Techniques for optimising firing cycles to maximise resistance<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The firing cycle is one of the most critical elements in obtaining high-performance ceramic surfaces. Optimisation techniques include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>fine adjustment of the <strong>heating and cooling curve<\/strong><\/li><li>stable maintenance of the <strong>peak temperature<\/strong><\/li><li>adaptation of the cycle to the type of enamel or vitrifying material used<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The aim is to achieve <strong>uniform vitrification<\/strong>, avoiding internal stresses, bubbles, surface defects or unevenness that could weaken the product.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Correlation between chemical composition and final properties<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>chemical composition<\/strong> of the mixture and glaze directly influences the strength of the material. The choice and dosage of:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>fluxes<\/strong> (borates, alkalis)<\/li><li><strong>refractory materials<\/strong> (silica, alumina)<\/li><li><strong>specific additives<\/strong> (opacifying agents, stabilisers)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>must be studied according to the desired performance result. The balance between crystalline and vitreous phases, the degree of reactivity between components and the thermal compatibility between glaze and substrate are determining factors in obtaining resistant, durable materials that comply with market quality standards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"technological\">Technological innovations to improve resistance<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The ceramic sector is evolving rapidly thanks to the introduction of new technologies and formulations aimed at improving performance. Innovations are focused on enhancing <strong>mechanical, chemical and thermal resistance<\/strong> to meet the needs of the most demanding applications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Additives and functional materials for improving mechanical properties<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The integration of <strong>functional additives<\/strong> into enamel and coating formulations is an effective strategy for improving performance. Among the most widely used solutions in the sector are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>use of <strong>high-hardness grits<\/strong> to reinforce the glazed surface<\/li><li>optimisation of <strong>grain size distribution<\/strong> to increase density and reduce porosity<\/li><li>introduction of <strong>stable matting agents<\/strong> to reinforce surface cohesion<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>These solutions help increase wear resistance and stability in chemically aggressive environments or those subject to frequent mechanical stress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignleft size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sicer.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/2025\/07\/Graniglie-GRS.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4422\"\/><figcaption>GRC grits<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sicer.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/2025\/07\/Graniglie-GRC.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4419\"\/><figcaption>GRS grits<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Advanced surface treatment technologies<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In addition to composition, surface performance can also be improved through <strong>physical-chemical treatments<\/strong> applied in the final stage of the production process. Common practices include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>use of <strong>self-cleaning or antibacterial glazes<\/strong> through the addition of specific components<\/li><li><strong>multi-stage firing techniques<\/strong> that optimise the distribution of internal stresses<\/li><li>improvement of the <strong>thermo-mechanical compatibility<\/strong> between the glaze and the substrate<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sicer.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/2025\/07\/SICER-NEXT-VERDE.jpg\" alt=\"Green ceramic product by Sicer Next, with a matt, anti-glare finish.\" class=\"wp-image-4434\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>In the case of Sicer&#8217;s <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"NEXT EXPERIENCE SURFACES  (apre in una nuova scheda)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sicerceramicsurfaces.com\/product\/next-surfaces\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">NEXT EXPERIENCE SURFACES<\/span><\/strong> <\/a>products, innovation lies in the <strong>ready-to-use mixture<\/strong> with <strong>calibrated microgranules<\/strong>, which allows for even application, excellent cleanability and high resistance to chemicals and abrasion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Developments in the formulation of high-strength materials<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ceramic research has enabled us to define <strong>ad hoc formulations<\/strong> for specific applications, focusing on the following aspects:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>selection of <strong>frits with high silica or alumina content<\/strong><\/li><li>control of <strong>crystallisation of glass phases<\/strong> to improve compactness<\/li><li>study of <strong>thermal cycle behaviour<\/strong> to ensure stability in real conditions of use<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The formulations are tested according to the main ISO standards to verify their mechanical, chemical and thermal stability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Innovative products for specific high-stress applications<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Innovation is also expressed through the development of <strong>product lines dedicated<\/strong> to high-performance environments, such as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>high-traffic industrial flooring<\/li><li>coatings for outdoor use exposed to frost, UV rays and pollutants<\/li><li>technical surfaces for the healthcare or agri-food sector<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>These applications require materials that guarantee <strong>long-lasting resistance and minimal maintenance<\/strong>, combined with customisable aesthetic characteristics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"industrial\">Industrial applications and choice of materials<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The choice of ceramic materials for industrial use cannot be made without carefully assessing the <strong>performance required<\/strong> in relation to the application context. The various forms of resistance \u2013 mechanical, chemical, wear and thermal \u2013 must be considered during the technical design phase and when specifying the technical requirements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Selection criteria based on specific resistance requirements<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Every environment imposes different conditions, and it is therefore necessary to identify:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>the type of <strong>stress expected<\/strong> (traffic, loads, impacts, chemical agents)<\/li><li>the level of <strong>frequency and intensity of exposure<\/strong><\/li><li>the applicable <strong>reference standards<\/strong> (e.g. ISO 10545, EN 16165)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Based on this information, the <strong>correct ceramic system<\/strong> (formulation + treatment + installation) can be selected to guarantee the <strong>minimum certifiable resistance<\/strong> and durability over time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Applications based on the different types of resistance required<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Application context<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Priority resistance<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Example of suitable material<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Industrial environments and logistics<\/td><td>Abrasion, compression<\/td><td>Technical stoneware with textured finish<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Food and healthcare sector<\/td><td>Chemical agents, stains<\/td><td>Glazed vitrified surfaces<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Exterior in cold\/humid climates<\/td><td>Frost, thermal shock<\/td><td>Low absorption porcelain stoneware<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>High-traffic areas (commercial)<\/td><td>Wear, impact, ease of cleaning<\/td><td>Surfaces with PEI rating 4-5<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The association between the type of environment and the <strong>resistance required<\/strong> is a fundamental step in avoiding premature damage or unexpected maintenance and replacement costs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Correlation between costs, performance and resistance levels<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The design of high-performance surfaces involves a <strong>higher initial investment<\/strong>, but ensures a <strong>longer life cycle<\/strong> and a <strong>reduction in indirect costs<\/strong>. Companies in the construction and industrial sectors are progressively adopting solutions that maximise:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Certified technical durability<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Programmed wear resistance<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Easy cleaning and sanitising<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>This vision is consistent with a <strong>life cycle cost<\/strong> (LCC) approach focused on the <strong>economic sustainability of the investment<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Future trends in the development of high-strength materials<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sicer.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/2025\/07\/SICER-NEXT-MARMO.jpg\" alt=\"Sicer Next ceramic tile with textured pink marble effect\" class=\"wp-image-4431\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Among the main evolutionary trends in the ceramic sector:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>expansion of the range of high-performance <strong>ready-to-use formulations<\/strong><\/li><li>introduction of surfaces with <strong>integrated functionalities<\/strong> (e.g. anti-slip, self-cleaning, anti-bacterial)<\/li><li>optimisation of processes to reduce energy consumption and increase thermal efficiency<\/li><li>increasing focus on the <strong>sustainability of raw materials<\/strong> and <strong>low environmental impact production cycles<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Through constant updating of its solutions and the work of its R&amp;D department, Sicer responds to these challenges by offering <strong>advanced materials such as <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"NEXT EXPERIENCE SURFACES (apre in una nuova scheda)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sicerceramicsurfaces.com\/product\/next-surfaces\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">NEXT EXPERIENCE SURFACES<\/span><\/a><\/strong>, which combine high technical performance with contemporary aesthetics and industrial applicability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"conclusion\">Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Understanding <strong>how ceramic resistance works<\/strong> means knowing how to analyse every aspect of the material: from its composition to its microstructure and surface treatments. Regulatory testing is a fundamental tool for ensuring that products are suitable for their intended use. Solutions such as <strong><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"NEXT EXPERIENCE SURFACES (apre in una nuova scheda)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sicerceramicsurfaces.com\/product\/next-surfaces\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">NEXT EXPERIENCE SURFACES<\/span><\/a><\/strong> demonstrate how it is possible to combine high performance with ease of use and advanced technical characteristics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"faq\" class=\"schema-faq wp-block-yoast-faq-block sezione-custom-faq\">\n<h3>FAQ<\/h3> \n  <div class=\"schema-faq-section faq-item\">\n    <button class=\"faq-question\">\n      <strong class=\"schema-faq-question\">How strong is ceramic?<\/strong>\n      <span class=\"faq-icon\">+<\/span>\n    <\/button>\n    <p class=\"schema-faq-answer faq-answer\">It depends on the type of material and the test applied. It is measured according to specific standards (e.g. ISO 10545-4 for bending).<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"schema-faq-section faq-item\">\n    <button class=\"faq-question\">\n      <strong class=\"schema-faq-question\">What are the advantages of ceramic heating elements?<\/strong>\n      <span class=\"faq-icon\">+<\/span>\n    <\/button>\n    <p class=\"schema-faq-answer faq-answer\">Structural stability, durability, resistance to wear, chemicals and temperature changes. Ceramic tiles are ideal for industrial and commercial applications.<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"schema-faq-section faq-item\">\n    <button class=\"faq-question\">\n      <strong class=\"schema-faq-question\">How do heating elements work?<\/strong>\n      <span class=\"faq-icon\">+<\/span>\n    <\/button>\n    <p class=\"schema-faq-answer faq-answer\">This question refers to electronic components, which are not covered in this article. Here we are talking about the <strong>structural<\/strong> strength of ceramics in construction and industry.<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"schema-faq-section faq-item\">\n    <button class=\"faq-question\">\n      <strong class=\"schema-faq-question\">What is the difference between Sicer&#8217;s NEXT, GHR and GRA grits?<\/strong>\n      <span class=\"faq-icon\">+<\/span>\n    <\/button>\n    <p class=\"schema-faq-answer faq-answer\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sicerceramicsurfaces.com\/product\/next-surfaces\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NEXT EXPERIENCE SURFACES<\/a><\/strong> are opaque, anti-reflective microgranules, ideal for technical surfaces that are easy to clean.\n<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sicerceramicsurfaces.com\/product\/grits-and-microgrits\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">GHR granules<\/a><\/strong> are designed for high-stress environments: they offer high abrasion resistance and excellent graphic performance.\nThe <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sicerceramicsurfaces.com\/product\/grits-and-microgrits\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">GRA<\/a><\/strong> series is specifically designed for dry applications and mirror lapping, ideal for achieving extremely bright and compact surfaces.<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"schema-faq-section faq-item\">\n    <button class=\"faq-question\">\n      <strong class=\"schema-faq-question\">Are Sicer grits resistant to chemicals?<\/strong>\n      <span class=\"faq-icon\">+<\/span>\n    <\/button>\n    <p class=\"schema-faq-answer faq-answer\">Yes. All grits in the GHR and GRA ranges are tested to ensure <strong>resistance to acids (3% and 18% HCl)<\/strong> and aggressive chemical conditions, as reported in the technical tests included in the official product data sheets.<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n\n<div class=\"schema-faq-section faq-item\">\n    <button class=\"faq-question\">\n      <strong class=\"schema-faq-question\">Can I use GHR grits outdoors?<\/strong>\n      <span class=\"faq-icon\">+<\/span>\n    <\/button>\n    <p class=\"schema-faq-answer faq-answer\">Yes, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sicerceramicsurfaces.com\/product\/grits-and-microgrits\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">GHR<\/a> are suitable for outdoor applications. Their <strong>abrasion resistance<\/strong>, <strong>transparency<\/strong> and the possibility of creating non-slip surfaces make them ideal for flooring exposed to heavy traffic or atmospheric agents.<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n\n<div class=\"schema-faq-section faq-item\">\n    <button class=\"faq-question\">\n      <strong class=\"schema-faq-question\">What advantages does the GRA range offer for dry application?<\/strong>\n      <span class=\"faq-icon\">+<\/span>\n    <\/button>\n    <p class=\"schema-faq-answer faq-answer\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sicerceramicsurfaces.com\/product\/grits-and-microgrits\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">GRA grits<\/a> allow the creation of highly polished lapped surfaces with <strong>excellent flatness<\/strong>, <strong>scratch resistance<\/strong> and <strong>absence of microporosity<\/strong>, thus improving production efficiency and final aesthetic quality.<\/p>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Index Introduction General principles of ceramic strength Mechanical strength: standard tests and influencing factors Wear and abrasion resistance: PEI classification Thermal resistance and thermal shock: behaviour under thermal cycles Chemical resistance: tests and exposure conditions The role of vitrifying materials in resistance Quality control and parameter optimisation Technological innovations to improve resistance Industrial applications and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":4702,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_angie_page":false,"page_builder":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[219],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6365","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-products"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Ceramic resistance: how it works - Key parameter | Blog Sicer<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Analysis of the mechanisms that determine the resistance of ceramic materials. 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